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The discussion revolves around restoring and improving the urban infrastructure and the focus of the study has been on Mumbai, India. The urban infrastructure issues identified is related to the transportation issues mainly related to traffic congestion. It was found that major problems were in the form of ageing of roads, highways, and flyovers along with public transportation. Another key issue identified was in the form of lack of metro trains for avoiding traffic congestion and finally, the last issues identified were in the form of little use of ICT in integrating the transportation system.
Engineering solutions in regards to road development were in the form of building new roads and connecting them with key roads along with using smart traffic lights and systems and restriction on aged vehicles to control harmful gas emission. Engineering solution in regards to metro trains were in the form of using well connected fast trains embedded with GPS, surveillance, and entertainment features that will attract commuters along with enhancing their quality of life by reducing the travel time and offering better degree of safety and security. Final solution was offered in regards to using ICT in transportation system embedded with digital technologies in the form of transmitting and receiving data, real time scheduling of public transport, tracking information of vehicles, and capacity planning for facilitating better transportation management.
All these initiatives require support and expertise of engineers in mapping the need, developing the plan, dealing with the challenges, and restoring the urban infrastructure in a manner that will least affect the quality of life of people living in Mumbai. However, careful implementation of these solutions will be helpful in enhancing the safety and security, joy of living, and health of commuters along with adding crucial element of sustainability in the entire process of improving the infrastructure.
Infrastructure plays an important and crucial role in defining the value and appeal of any nation. It is a combination of wide arrays of fundamental systems supporting a community, region, or country (Xing et al, 2009). It can be further said that infrastructure includes everything starting from water, sewage system, transportation, road-rail networks, power, and buildings. Brugmann (2009) further added that urban infrastructure is aimed at equipping with all the necessary facilities along with offering decent and quality life to all residents. It should also ensure clean and sustainable environment by applying proven and smart solutions in the domain of governance, public transport, waste management, and sanitation.
Amin (2013) pointed that the infrastructure of majority of the countries across the globe has been deteriorating. This is mainly because of the ageing and lack of care. In many countries, funding has been a key issue thwarting the progress of urban infrastructure. This has also resulted into a situation where repairing or replacement of the infrastructure is assumed as a challenging task. Engineers of todays’ century are facing a daunting task to modernize the fundamental structures supporting the civilisation. In addition, the problem has been evolving at a rapid pace in urban areas because of the rising population stressing the support system of the society in a critical manner (Bulkeley and Bestil, 2005).
The rise in natural disasters embedded with frequent accidents and terrorists’ attacks in different parts of the world has further weakened the urban infrastructure. Furthermore, this has also threatened the safety and security of the infrastructure. With a number of mega and smart cities across the globe, the challenge of dealing with such urban infrastructure that is failing and weakening is enormous (Xing et al, 2009). Engineers are challenged to offer economical services in order to enhance the sustainability of urban infrastructure.
Deteriorating urban infrastructure has also caused detrimental effects on the health of people. This issues needs to be sorted out in terms of planning the urban infrastructure in a systematic manner. Overall, the major purpose of considering this research issue is to focus on the need for restoring and improvement of urban infrastructure that has threatened the quality of life along with raising issues over the sustainability of sources and resources. This research topic is an interested area for engineers considering the fact that restoring urban infrastructure is a global challenge and engineers with their knowledge will play an important role in dealing with the issue.
Before discussing the engineering solutions, it is important to mention that maintaining an infrastructure is an old phenomenon full of challenges and issues that has aggravated in last few years because of the rise in the population and pollution. From an early age, the focus of engineers has mainly on designing the system that can offer clean water and disposing of sewage (Davis and Goldberg, 2013). However, the modernisation of the infrastructure has resulted into the complex web of transmitting information and providing energy solution complicating the entire infrastructure network. Prior to the modernisation of urban infrastructure, the challenge was to deal with telegraph and telephone lines but the evolution of new modes of telecommunication and technologies along with TV, Internet, and Cable has complicated the entire chain of infrastructure (Amin, 2013).
The existing infrastructure in different parts of the world can be assumed as buried posing numerous issues in terms of maintaining and upgrading it in a planned manner. In many countries, there are no records of locations of underground pipes and cables. Identifying the buried infrastructure can be assumed, as the biggest challenge and ignoring the same would lead to further damage and least possibility of repairing it (Kaewunruen et al, 2016). The entire chain of infrastructure is not only complex but also hard to analyse in terms of origin and access. It can be further said that before identifying the engineering solutions, it is important to understand the past problems that might affect the implementation of such solutions. One such issue is in the form of identifying the basic infrastructure related to the energy and telecommunication and identifying ways to deal with them. Another issue is in the form of transportation solutions followed by constructing and rebuilding structures that are not only energy efficient but also sustainable (Davis and Goldberg, 2013).
It needs to be mentioned that transportation is one of the crucial aspect of infrastructure and the major challenge in this regard is in the form of integrated transportation system. The diversity and interconnectivity of the transport modes including aerospace, rail, pipeline, maritime, and road has offered great deal of infrastructure management challenges. These systems have evolved a lot in last few years in quest for more efficiency and environment friendly for a number of users (Provis, 2015). Even though, the fundamental aspect of “safety first” has been the key priority, the focus is also on modernisation, resilience, and better quality of life. This also means that there is a need for modernising the transport system that plays an important role in defining the urban infrastructure. There are a number of transportation modes and making each of them efficient in terms of access and usage is the major challenge. In addition, offering better access to elderly and disabled people is also a major task requiring great deal of planning and assessment. Transportation system faces wide arrays of issues at the intersection of social, economic, and technical systems with their adaptable integration to the natural and built environments (Smith, 2015).
In last few years, there has been an increase in the improvement, restoration, and renewal of customer centric transportation system to meet the economic and environment friendly needs of the present and future. The explosive urban growth has outpaced the essential system planning and ignoring the connectivity and other environmental impacts in the form of emissions, energy consumption, and resource utilisation (Zielinski, 2006). This also means that the interface between the freshly built and deteriorating assets will need better maintenance and risk management. This means that engineers need to understand that meeting challenges of offering sustainable and resilient transportation system is not only important but also essential. Apart from this, there are also subcomponents related to the transportation in the form of streets and highways that will play an important role in defining the transportation conduits.
These elements need to be managed in a systematic manner, as further deterioration will hamper the appeal of the transportation system in a critical manner. Wenk (2007) stated that the problem with transportation system is in the form of ever increasing numbers of modes of transportation. Almost all of them are driven by the consumption of energy that is harmful for the health and well-being of humans. This also means that even though, transportation is important in facilitating the human life, identifying ways of making transportation green and sustainable is a major challenge for engineers. Brugmann (2009) further added that even though the ever-increasing number of transportation modes affects the quality of life, there is still a long way to go in terms of developing green transportation. Amin (2013) highlighted that streets and highways are equally responsible for the deterioration of transport mediums and need to be restored or improved in the present.
This discussion revolves around the transportation issues in Mumbai, India. The city has millions of registered vehicles mainly because of the rising population and high number of immigrants thronging the city. Major modes of transport are in the form of rail, road, and water helping millions of people to commute from one place to another. However, high volume of vehicles and density of population has made situation challenging for people living in there. The quality of life has also been affected because of the transportation issue. There are a number of issues related to traffic congestion, parking issues, lack of public transport, longer commuting, standstill of public transports during natural disasters, and non-availability of public vehicles. All these issues embedded with the issue of road connectivity, highways issues, improper road conditions, and increase in the number of commuters has put pressure in terms of taking a step forward towards urban development. This issues needs to be analysed critically in terms of engineering solutions helping in enhancing the quality of life and adding the element of sustainability.
The above picture clearly states that transportation issue that is in the form of high demand for travel and little focus on traffic management. Further issues are in the form of lack of ICT infrastructure, lack of planning infrastructure, and high use of private transport.
In the previous section, it was well identified that Mumbai faces a number of issues related to effective management of the transportation system. In addition, the impact of inefficient transportation system has affected the economy and lives of many. In order to deal with this issue, Mumbai has embarked on the development of monorail and metro system. The engineering solution in regards to the development of Metro trains is aimed at reducing the traffic congestion along with reducing the pressure on suburban railways that is often called as “Local Trains”. The project is proposed in three phases and will be completed in 2021 spanning a total of more than 150kilometers with 20% underground stations and rest elevated being serviced by more than 170 stations. The below picture explains the metro route of Mumbai.
The World Bank (2014) added that this solution is ideally suited to the fast paced Mumbai life as majority of the people travel either by local trains or private transports. The use of both private and public transportation has resulted into the traffic issues and emission of harmful gases. This has further added much pressure on the city and its residents in terms of leading a quality life. Chotani (2010) added that the use of metro trains might be an engineering solution but requires great deal of planning in terms of connecting the city to different localities. In addition, there is also a need for smart management of these trains in order to manage the congestion on railway lines. Even though, there is a potential for reducing the road congestion, the issue will be persistent because of the old urban infrastructure. Hidalgo et al (2012) supported this argument by adding that these new developments are a welcome sign but the new infrastructure will further increase the demand for transportation. In this regard, these new projects need to be managed well in order to manage the current demand along with allocating the available capacity in a planned manner.
Mohan (2014) contradicted this assertion by adding that the development of new infrastructure will increase more demand for public transportation and might lead to an increase in the congestion that will add more trouble to the transportation management. However, Pucher (2005) disagreed to this, by adding that demand for new transportation system will reduce the usage of existing transportation system and will help the urban infrastructure in a great manner. Chotani (2010) pointed that the use of Information and Communication Technologies might play an instrumental role in addressing the urbanisation issues related to the transportation system in Mumbai. The rise in the use of mobile phones and digital technologies might be helpful for engineers in developing an infrastructure that would help in alleviating some of the transportation issues in Mumbai.
Revi (2012) supported this argument by adding that if engineering solutions are embedded with digital technologies in the form of transmitting and receiving data, real time scheduling of public transport, tracking information of vehicles, and capacity planning, there will be better transportation management that will be helpful in developing a smart transportation ecosystem in Mumbai. Pucher (2005) added that smart transportation system can be defined as small-interconnected sub-systems that are capable of reacting in a quick manner for managing the demand and capacity along with predicting transport infrastructure issues. The below picture explains the use of ICT in wide arrays of transportation that will enable commuting.
Mohan (2014) further added that there are three major components in the form of vehicles taking people and goods from once place to another, pathways in the form of rails and roads, involvement of mediums that enable the movement of these vehicles mainly in the form of train and bus stations. The use of ICT in this regard can be helpful in garnering critical information that can be used to automate processes along with helping in taking informed decisions. Singh (2008) further supported this argument by adding that the use of congestion pricing mechanisms is one tool that has helped in dealing with the issue of transportation.
The engineering solution was thus based on charging a variable cost for driving on congested routes that reduced the number of vehicles during the peak periods. This solution is also helpful in terms of increasing the average road speed in a planned manner. However, Chotani (2010) disagreed with this notion by adding that reducing congestion on one road might lead to congestion on other road and this might prove to be a challenging issue. Thus, the focus should be more on reducing congestion on every road through a systematic approach.
Singh (2008) further added that the usefulness of congestion pricing mechanism is also in the form of targeting congested roads and directing commuters to use public transport for increasing the road speed. There is no doubt that traffic congestion leads to economic costs that might hinder the progress of any nation and useful tools are required to deal with such issues. Sriraman (2012) further highlighted the importance of ICT by adding that smart transportation system is safer and secure that has the potential to reduce accidental deaths through the use of monitoring and statistics. The use of status tracking and surveillance can be highly effective in dealing with the traffic congestion along with addressing emergency issues in a systematic manner.
Singh (2006) further added that even though, the transportation system continues to survive in Mumbai irrespective of the use of ICT, there is a strong need for upgrading the current transportation infrastructure to the ICT in meeting the growing demand by ever increasing population along with easing the economic and healthcare concerns of millions of people. In addition, there can be engineering solutions in the form of widening of roads and highways. All these solutions need to be managed using ICT tools that will help in dealing with the transportation issue in a significant manner along with supporting the urban infrastructure. The below image explains how the use of enhanced ICT will offer benefits to commuters in the form of better degree of surveillance, passenger information system, data management, train service, and sustainability. Such systems need to be developed using ICTs in Mumbai trains.
The grand challenge revolves around the issue of restoring and improving the urban infrastructure and three major findings have evolved in the due process. The first one is related to improving the road infrastructure followed by the use of metro trains, and use of ICT in all transportation mediums to combat the traffic congestion. These three findings are further important and relevant to the grand challenge in respect to the sustainability, health, security, and joy of living.
The first relevant finding in regards to improving the road infrastructure has attracted a number of scholars and researchers. Ghate and Sundar (2013) stated that improvement in road infrastructure is quite important in facilitating the movement of transports around cities. The World Bank (2015) stated that east-west connectivity has improved a lot in Mumbai with one road being widened and other being carved out fresh that has further reduced the traffic along with reducing the waiting time at different road intersections. Mumbai has narrow lanes and roads along with high numbers of people living beside the railways tracks. There was a serious challenge in regards to resettling these people and carving fresh roads along with widening the existing ones to enhance the transportation prospects. The Mumbai Urban Transport Project was initiated in 2002 and continued till 2011 that helped in developing transport infrastructure along with solving commuting problems to an extent. This was followed by Mumbai Urban Transport Project-2 that started from 2010 and continued till 2016 helping in increasing the capacity of each train in a systematic manner. Rao and Rao(2012) stated that majority of the people in Mumbai commute by trains and widening the roads and existing pathways to accommodate more land helped in dealing with the traffic issues to a certain extent.
Free Press (2016) further added that the state government of Mumbai has decided to widen more than 117 roads along with building 70 new link roads. This will further help in dealing with the transportation issues in a planned manner. In regards to security, Mohan (2014) stated that widening of roads and better railway system would ensure that safety is also enhanced with more numbers of available trains. There will be less pressure on trains in terms of carrying large numbers of commuters that will add value to the commuters’ safety and security.
The health aspect will also be enhanced, as there will be large numbers of people reaching their destination onetime in less crowded trains. With more focus on train transportation and improving the efficiency of the same, there will be further reduction in road traffic that will also reduce carbon emission. This will have positive effect on the health of people. Wilbur Smith Associates (2008) stated that joy of living is hard to define and measure and can only be analysed in terms of getting value in terms of living a quality life. Even though, transportation affects the joy of living by making it difficult in terms of commuting and finding a comfortable journey, the initiatives in regards to reducing road and train traffic by widening existing roads and introducing new trains will be helpful in dealing with the issue.
Sriraman (2012) further added that making the entire process sustainable is a challenging task, as it requires planning for the present as well as for the future. However, working towards a sustainable road and train network will be helpful in enhancing the transportation framework in a systematic manner. This initiative needs to be taken by the state government along with partnering with private companies. Engineers need to design the road and train network in a manner that will suit the needs of everyone without putting pressure on daily commuters. This will also require contribution from the mechanical, technical, and electrical engineering along with civil engineers playing a vital role in shaping the entire process.
Bhandari (2014) stated that millions of people in Mumbai strongly rely on local trains to travel from one destination to another. At the same time, more than 90% of the population travel by public transports and trains top the list. The introduction of metro trains is subjected to enhance the quality of life of many commuters by reducing the traveling time to a certain extent. In addition, there will be a number of safety features in metro trains in the form of surveillance and security camera systems. The metro train will connect a number of locations along with reducing the pressure on local trains.
Shukla (2015) stated that engineering solutions in the form of faster metro trains enhancing the efficiency with high level of comfort and reduction in congestion would lead to better value for commuters. In addition, the shift from road based transportation system to metro system will help in enhancing the safety and security as a whole. Nallathiga (2006) added that engineering solutions in regards to metro solutions are quite expensive considering the fact that there is a need of using latest technologies along with carving new roads and ways to improve the efficiency. In terms of the health aspect, it can be said that metro lines are quite fast and often do not expose commuters to harmful gases. The seamless integration of technologies leads to comfortable journey where commuters are nor exposed to the outside environment. This helps in safeguarding the health along with adding value.
Mukhopadhyay (2015) disagreed to an extent by adding that even metro trains will require commuters to travel from one point to another and this might not offer great deal of health benefits. However, Shukla (2015) added that health benefits can be in the form of reduced waiting time, comfortable journey, air-conditioned coaches, and better experience. These factors might be important in saving time along with adding the feeling of contentment that might have favorable impact on commuters’ health.
Mohan (2014) also added that metro trains are further responsible for enhancing the security of commuters considering the fact that doors are often closed while travelling unlike buses and local trains where there is a possibility of accidents. Traveling by road is also prone to accidents and thus a threat for safety and security. Nallathiga (2006) mentioned that engineering solutions are mainly in the form of compact doors and traffic congestion that leads to smooth operation of trains. As Metro trains are least affected by the traffic congestion, there is little possibility of getting stuck in traffic or getting exposed to other modes of transport? Bhandari (2014) pointed that joy of living will be further defined as the use of LCDs for entertainment equipped with 3D GPS will help commuters to travel in a relaxed mind. These tools are further important in saving lot of time in understanding the directions and connected routes. Furthermore, commuters will be able to save great amount of time by traveling in fast metros. Free Press (2016) pointed that joy of living can be easily associated to reduction in the traveling time as people will be able to reach their destinations on time along with spending quality time with their family and friends.
On the other hand sustainability can also be associated with the use of metro trains as the entire networking and operation will take huge amount of time and can be beneficial for the present as well as future generations. Rao and Rao (2012) highlighted that there might be issues with sustainability as engineering solutions in terms of developing effective and efficient technologies along with long-lasting coaches need regular updates and monitoring. There is no doubt that wide arrays of engineering tools belonging to the technical, mechanical, engineering, and civil is required to work in integration for creating better product and services. In this regard, the degree of sustainability will be directly in proportion to the skills and expertise of engineers in developing rail network and components that can survive the expectations of millions of commuters.
Sood (2013) stated that ICT has transformed the lives of many and the same can be used in transportation for enhancing the city life especially that of Mumbai that is characterised by high volume of commuters. In this regard, the engineering solutions can be in the form of reducing the traffic volume through technologies by using smart traffic lights that can sense the road congestion and thus enabling smooth flow of traffic. There can also be solution in the form of smart parking and use of surveillance system along with stopping the use of vehicles emitting more gases. Using ICT requires great deal of planning considering the fact that, it is quite expensive in terms of implementation and maintenance. However, there is higher possibility of enhancing the quality of life, as commuters will be exposed to technologies that will help in understanding traffic congestion and accordingly planning their travel needs. Surveillance tools will be further useful in analysing thefts and other criminal issues that will make life easy for commuters.
Bannister and Stead (2004) stated that the focus should be more on implementing technologies that can reduce the traveling time, putting less pressure in terms of traveling, and assisting commuters to deal with travel challenges in a planned manner. This will have positive affect on their health and well-being. Black (2012) further added that joy of living is another factor that can be increased by introducing ICT in transportation. Majority of the people use technologies for getting alerts on road issues, traffic congestion, use of technologies in trains and metros, and act smart under surveillance will be helpful in offering joy along with enhancing the quality of life. All these things can be termed as sustainable only when the engineering solutions are dedicated and regularly monitored. There should be regular monitoring of the efficiency of the system and technologies.
It needs to be mentioned that transportation issues have been quite persistent in regards to India and especially in Mumbai. This is mainly because of the fact that large numbers of people rely on public transport and traffic congestion has been a big issue. The ever-increasing numbers of people embedded with rise in the numbers of private transportation has affected the quality of life to a certain extent in a negative manner. Majority of people travel by local trains that are not only outdated but rely little on technologies. The use of road transportation has further increased because of little space to travel in local trains. This has resulted in emission of harmful gases both by the public and private transportation. Even though, there has been initiatives in terms of widening of roads, building of new roads, better management of traffic congestion, and urban redevelopment, the issue is related to reduction of traffic congestion along with adding the element of sustainability, enhancing quality of life, joy of living, and overall health of daily commuters living or traveling in Mumbai.
The government has taken necessary steps in the form of building new infrastructure in the form of widening existing roads, developing new roads, highways, and flyovers, and introducing metro trains. However, the problem is still surfacing at the grass root level. It is important to focus more on introducing better metro connectivity in near future along with introducing ICT measures in integrating transport mediums. This will help in enhancing the level of surveillance along with analysing the traffic congestion in a systematic manner. There is no doubt that in a city like Mumbai, building new roads and infrastructure will affect the quality of life of people living nearby and efforts need to be taken to develop underground or water transport system in the form of ferries and metro trains. This will help in reducing the traffic congestion to an extent in the short and long run.
Alongside, it is important to restrict the movement of vehicles emitting huge volume of dangerous gases. In this regard, civil engineers are required to build road infrastructure connecting major roads. Computer and electrical engineers are required to build a technological framework that will enable ITC mainly in local and metro trains. The use of surveillance tools and technology will further add value to the quality of life. The mechanical engineers will be responsible for building the infrastructure for the movement of trains and ferries. Finally, the commuters need to be rationale in supporting these initiatives for adding sustainability to the entire process. This will also help in enhancing the health, joy of life, and security of commuters in a reasonable manner leading to better management of traffic and transportation issues in Mumbai.
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